1 10 24 https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/3dd4b7a0061b1a60b9bcf289377620f1.jpg ff4b0dde4c44ed7d51c042df28556c56 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1902 Birthplace Arlington Death Date 2004 Occupation Public Television Pioneer Biographical Text The daughter of a Moravian minister, Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell (December 4, 1902–January 9, 2004) turned to a career in education when she was unable to enter the ministry since the Moravian church admitted only men. After earning a bachelor's degree from Salem College, in North Carolina, and a master's degree from Columbia University, she worked as dean of women at Moravian Seminary and College for Women, in Pennsylvania, and at Mary Baldwin College (later Mary Baldwin University), in Staunton. After her 1936 marriage she moved to Arlington, where she became an advocate for the public schools. Campbell won election to the Arlington County School Board in 1947 and was reelected in 1951, serving for eight years, part of the time as chair. In addition to working to improve the quality of the public schools, she boldly proposed to begin desegregating the school system after the Supreme Court's 1954 and 1955 Brown v. Board of Education decisions. The state adopted a policy of Massive Resistance to desegregation and stripped from Arlington residents the right to elect their own school board members. Campbell lost her seat on the school board in 1955, but served another term from 1960 to 1963. While on the school board she began working to use television as an instructional tool and took part in founding WETA in 1953, the first educational television station in the Washington, D.C., area. As longtime president of the Arlington-based Greater Washington Educational Television Association, she developed it into one of the most-successful public broadcasting companies in the United States, and WETA became one of the major producers of programs for the Public Broadcasting System. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2001" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2001</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Virginia Foundation for Women and Delta Kappa Gamma Society International. Bibliography Image Courtesy of WETA. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001 Virginia Women in History Honoree Description An account of the resource Elizabeth Pfohl Campbell's belief in the value of education and the power of public broadcasting led her to help create the successful public educational television station, WETA. Community Leadership and Philanthropy Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/eaab45d9eed7ea59839da29446be48dd.jpg bced5a5a056b04303a60a001eb6c6edc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1961 Birthplace Haymarket Occupation Media Executive and Olympic Gold Medalist Biographical Text The second woman and the first African-American to win an Olympic gold medal in the 100-meter hurdles, Benita Fitzgerald Mosley is today a highly visible telecommunications executive. Born in Warrenton, she grew up in nearby Dale City, where at an early age she began to excel in both sports and academics. Her accomplishments in track and field competitions won her induction into the Virginia High School Hall of Fame and a full athletic scholarship to the University of Tennessee, where she earned a B.S. in industrial engineering. While at Tennessee, she was a fifteen-time All-American and won four National Collegiate Athletic Association titles, including three 100- meter hurdles outdoor championships. Moseley qualified as a member of the 1980 and the 1984 U.S. Olympic Teams and won her history-making gold medal at the 1984 Los Angeles games. Mosley has been inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame and the University of Tennessee's Lady Volunteers Hall of Fame. Early in the 1990s Mosley turned from competition to sports marketing and administration. She served as a regional director for Special Olympics International in Washington, D.C., as program director for the marketing division of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games, and as director located in Colorado of the four Olympic training centers in the United States. She has been president of the board of the Women's Sports Foundation and is a staunch advocate for expanding opportunities for young women in sports and fitness education. In 2001 the nonprofit Women in Cable and Telecommunications, a 4,500-member association based in Chantilly, Virginia, appointed Mosley as its president and chief operating officer. In 2004 Television Week Magazine named her Cable Television Executive of the Year. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2006</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia and Virginia Foundation for Women. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Women in Cable and Telecommunications Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Benita Fitzgerald Mosley Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource A track star and Olympic champion, Benita Fitzgerald Mosley serves as president and CEO of Women in Cable and Telecommunications and works to expand opportunities for young women in sports. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006 Virginia Women in History Business and Entrepreneurship Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/f4ac39e6f566cd7a455d48bcb6dce712.jpg 8e127e3ea9e61cff1e3b94e68ba3c560 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1943 Birthplace Richmond Death Date 1993 Occupation Tennis Player, Writer, and Humanitarian Biographical Text A champion of human dignity around the world, Arthur Robert Ashe (July 10, 1943-February 6, 1993) overcame the discrimination he faced growing up in Richmond to become a top-ranked tennis player and acclaimed author. Ashe learned tennis from coaches in Richmond and Lynchburg. In spite of being barred from many local and regional tournaments, which excluded African American players, he won national youth titles in 1960 and 1961. A successful collegiate career at UCLA and selection as the first African American player on the U.S. Davis Cup team cemented his status as one of the world’s best amateurs. Ashe won the U.S. Open in 1968 and, after turning professional the following year, thirty-three pro titles, including the Australian Open and Wimbledon. After his retirement from playing, he coached the U.S. Davis Cup team to two titles. Ashe advanced the rights of blacks in America and throughout the world. His dignified approach to tennis and to life served to rebut negative stereotypes. With forceful rhetoric he decried the conditions faced by many blacks in the United States and protested the apartheid regime in South Africa. Ashe’s interest in education spurred him to write a history of African American athletes, A Hard Road to Glory (1988). A television documentary based on the book won him an Emmy award. Heart problems forced Ashe to undergo two surgeries, the latter of which required a blood transfusion. Serving as chairman of the American Heart Association in 1981, he added health advocacy to his list of public commitments. When it was revealed that through the transfusion he had acquired HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, he campaigned for those suffering from the disease. His humanitarian legacy has included the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health and the Arthur Ashe Program in AIDS Care. Because of the bigotry he had experienced, Ashe was long estranged from Richmond and Virginia. Eventually he reestablished ties and created a mentoring program called Virginia Heroes. Richmond honored him with a statue on its Monument Avenue, previously renowned for celebrations of eminent Confederates. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arthur Robert Ashe Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 African American Trailblazers Honoree Description An account of the resource Tennis champion Arthur Ashe was an advocate for human dignity around the world. Civil Rights and Reform Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/db45ec93a83f8282598580dac876276d.jpg db06f2694d94383e131e5abd83b3c31b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1949 Birthplace Hampton Occupation Mathematician Biographical Text An innovative media executive and entrepreneur, Sheila Crump Johnson (born 1949) grew up in Maywood, Illinois. After receiving a bachelor's degree in music from the University of Illinois, she taught music and perfected her skill on the violin. As a cultural liaison to the Middle East for the U.S. Information Agency, she helped establish the National Music Conservatory of Jordan. In 1980 Johnson cofounded Black Entertainment Television, the first station focused on the needs, interests, and culture of African Americans. In addition to initiating successful programming for adult audiences, she created Teen Summit, a weekly show that allowed teenagers to talk candidly about important issues in their lives. Since selling her interest in BET in 2000, Johnson has focused on numerous real estate and business opportunities near Salamander Farm, her 200-acre property in Middleburg. She is president of the Washington Mystics, a Women's National Basketball Association team, and also owns minority shares of the Washington Capitals and the Washington Wizards. She is a photographer and has designed a line of luxury linens. Johnson has become one of the nation's most notable philanthropists, particularly in education and the arts. She has made major gifts to the United Negro College Fund, the Hill School in Middleburg, Howard University, the Levine School of Music, and the Parsons School of Design. In 2002 her generous contributions established the Sheila Crump Johnson Institute at the State University of New York at Morrisville, which supports diversity and character building for students and the college community. Johnson's leadership and her commitment to sharing the fruits of her success with others have brought her many honors, including recognition in 2006 by the Dallas Morning News as one of the nation's most distinguished women leaders. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/va-women-2007" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2007</a> Virginia Women in History honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Shelia Crump Johnson Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sheila Crump Johnson Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Women In History Description An account of the resource A cofounder of Black Entertainment Television, Sheila Crump Johnson is a dynamic philanthropist who supports education and the arts. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Virginia Women in History Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship Community Leadership and Philanthropy Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/45ea96b72ce2284b0de789c88630d881.jpg c9f789ba74577fdfd7f8b79822a91c84 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Development of the Industrial United States Description An account of the resource From Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, the United States went through a dramatic shift in its economic landscape. Industrialization changed not only the nature of business, but also brought technological advances and demand for an ever-increasing workforce. A rapid expansion of the power of big business was countered with the rise of labor movements, and often resulted in conflict, sometimes violent in nature. In contrast to the positive outcomes of technological developments, there were ecological effects not understood at the time, and unhealthy working conditions that often sparked big labor disputes and strikes. This shift was felt not only in the industrial big cities of the North and Midwest, but also in the realm of farming, where the United States was now put into the role of the world’s premier food producer. This era is defined largely by unprecedented immigration and urbanization, both of which fed the industrial system. Immigrants, for the first time, were less and less likely to come from Western Europe, now coming from Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Mexico, and Central America. Along with the need for expanding educational systems, which were often structured to push assimilation, the rise in immigration also led to religious tensions as Protestantism was no longer the dominating faith of immigrants. At the same time as immigrants were flooding the ports of the United States, the government launched wars against the Plains Indians, forcing the “second great removal” and defining a federal Indian policy that would last for decades. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1870-1900 Person An individual. Birth Date 1846 Birthplace Portsmouth and Norfolk County Death Date 1927 Occupation Educator and Journalist Biographical Text John Wesley Cromwell (September 5, 1846–April 14, 1927) was born into slavery in Portsmouth, Virginia, but became a powerful leader and educator. By 1851 he, his parents, and siblings were all free, and the family had settled in Philadelphia. Educated at a Quaker school, he taught in Pennsylvania and Maryland schools and in various Virginia locales before entering Howard University's law school in 1871. Cromwell worked at the Treasury Department until 1885 and then he practiced law. When he appeared before the Interstate Commerce Commission as counsel for the plaintiff in William H. Heard v. the Georgia Railroad Company in 1887, he was likely the first African American attorney to argue a case before such an important federal body. From 1889 until at least 1919, Cromwell taught or served as principal at several District of Columbia schools. He initially supported Booker Taliaferro Washington's vision of black education, but his support of Washington waned as Cromwell came to believe that the quest for education and material success should be subordinate to seeking political solutions for racial problems. After a Richmond meeting of the Virginia Educational and Literary Association in 1875, his keynote speech was published as an Address on the Difficulties of the Colored Youth, In Obtaining an Education in the Virginias (1875). A gifted organizer, Cromwell was involved in the creation of the Virginia Educational and Historical Association, the National Colored Press Association (after 1894 the National Afro-American Press Association), and the Bethel Literary and Historical Association, among others. He was a leader in most of these organizations and participated in many other beneficial societies. In 1879 Cromwell was president of the Banneker Industrial Education Association. He served the Hampton Negro Conference from 1897 until at least 1903. Cromwell helped found the American Negro Academy in 1897. He became the public face of the ANA and in 1919 became the academy's fourth president. Cromwell began publishing the People's Advocate in Alexandria in 1876 and continued to own and manage it for at least eight years. He often wrote on educational and historical subjects, including The Jim Crow Negro (1904), The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent (1914), and articles for the Journal of Negro History. He died in Washington, D.C., in 1927 and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery there. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2008" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2008</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Library of Virginia. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Wesley Cromwell Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Born into slavery, John Wesley Cromwell went on to become an attorney, educator, and publisher of the People's Advocate. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008 African American Trailblazers Honoree Education Government and Law Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/1d5dcc3bf43ed2916eebbc59250dbdb5.jpg 79bf58013129ac130b3e3f7664bacfea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1964 Birthplace Lynchburg Occupation Astronaut Biographical Text Leland D. Melvin (1964- ) was born in Lynchburg to Deems and Grace Melvin. After graduating from Hermitage High School there, he received a football scholarship to the University of Richmond where he studied chemistry. A standout on the field and in the classroom, he is a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Academic All-American and was inducted into the University of Richmond Athletic Hall of Fame. After college Melvin was recruited by both the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys but suffered injuries that prevented him from playing. Eventually, he started graduate school at the University of Virginia, studying materials science, and earned a masters' degree in 1991. Melvin began working at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Langley Research Center in 1989. Nine years later he was admitted to the Astronaut Candidate training program. Melvin took his first space flight in February 2008, logging more than 306 hours and 5.3 million miles in space as he and the crew of the Space Shuttle Atlantis delivered a laboratory to the International Space Station. During the mission he operated the shuttle's robotic arm. Melvin retains a wide variety of interests beyond his career. An avid photographer, he displays his work on his personal Web site. He also continues to enjoy sports including cycling, tennis, and snowboarding. As former co-manager of NASA's Educator Astronaut Program, he travels nationwide, speaking to educators and students. Melvin believes that sports are an important part of education, and teaches students that teamwork extends into all aspects of work and life. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of NASA Johnson Space Center. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leland Melvin Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Leland D. Melvin inspires young people and encourages them to aspire to careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 African American Trailblazers Honoree Education Science and Medicine Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/61c2f1532bdaaca8631ad07842fe5df5.jpg 5f283de724e24b11a34d669bc65b7abe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Contemporary United States Description An account of the resource This era is, in large part, a study of the United States as a global power – politically, economically and militarily. The detente with the Communist China under Nixon begins a shift in our “Domino Theory” in Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the overthrow of communist governments in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race also changed how the United States interacted with Europe. At the same time, intervention and actions increased in our own hemisphere and in the Middle East. Terrorism also became a driving force behind foreign policy. Politically, there was a shift away from liberalism for much of this time period. Political scandals such as Watergate and Iran-Contra were treated differently than previous scandals, thanks in large part to an increase in television coverage. The governmental role in the economy, environmental protection, social welfare, and more shifted greatly during this time period and that role, and its scope, are still being debated today. Socially, this time period saw for the first time immigration primarily from Asia and Central America. A new wave of reform movements promoted environmental, feminist, and civil rights agendas. There was also a resurgence of religious evangelicalism. Technological advances once again redefined not only the economic landscape of America, but also the lives of everyday citizens. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-Present Person An individual. Birth Date 1927 Birthplace Roanoke Occupation Humanitarian, philanthropist, and Editor and Publisher of the Roanoke Tribune Biographical Text Claudia Sedonia Alexander (1927- ) was born in Fayetteville, West Virginia, to Sedonia Rotan Alexander and the Reverend Fleming E. Alexander, the founder and editor of the Roanoke Tribune, a weekly newspaper established in 1941. She attended both Christiansburg Industrial Institute and Bluefield State College in West Virginia. After apprenticing with her father at the Tribune, she left Virginia and continued her work in the often male-dominated field of printing at newspapers in Ohio and New York. When her father was incapacitated by an automobile accident in 1971, she took over the Tribune's operations. Later that year, she married Clifton Whitworth Jr., who assisted her with public relations and bookkeeping for the paper. Today the Roanoke Tribune remains as one of the longest-running black community newspapers in the nation. Claudia Whitworth's lifetime of leadership demonstrates her commitment and investment in both Roanoke and the state of Virginia. In 1991 she was appointed to the Norfolk State University Board of Visitors, and the Virginia Council on the Status of Women inducted her into the Virginia Women's Hall of Fame in 1992. The City of Roanoke honored Whitworth as Citizen of the Year in 2004. The most recent manifestation of Whitworth's philanthropy was her purchase of the Roanoke Funeral Home in 2007. She plans to donate the space, rent-free, as a base of operations for existing service agencies to operate within her neighborhood. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2009</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Roanoke Times. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Claudia Whitworth Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Claudia Alexander Whitworth has worked diligently over the decades to improve the quality of life in Roanoke. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009 African American Trailblazers Honoree Business and Entrepreneurship Community Leadership and Philanthropy Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/61615621b52dee02991845aee513c46d.TIF 29bb9821be433a86df1fd38eff7858da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Emergence of Modern America Description An account of the resource The idea of a “Modern United States” begins with the advent of the Progressive era. The Progressive movement focused on reforms they viewed as necessary after drastic increases in industrialization, immigration, urbanization and corruption in the business and political realms. One of the most successful reform movements of the time periods is the women’s suffrage movement. Other movements that gained traction on a new scale during this era were the labor movement, including the rise of unions, and the Harlem Renaissance and northward migration of the African American population. The time also saw a resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in direct retaliation to increased immigration and shifting roles for African Americans. With all of the changes on the home front of America, this era also saw the emergence of the United States as a major world power. The Spanish-American War pitted the United States against a European power other than Great Britain for the first time, and battles spanned the Atlantic and Pacific. The war also led to the rise of Theodore Roosevelt, an increase in propaganda and marketing of a war, both through yellow journalism and war slogans and ephemera encouraging citizens to “Remember the Maine!” Soon after, the United States would come to find itself embroiled in World War I, despite strong isolationist tendencies. Along with a large death toll, World War I led to the development of the failed League of Nations, ultimately pushing the United States even further into an isolationist standing that would last for decades. The immediate postwar period of the “Roaring 20s” saw a domination in politics and economics by big business and its supporters, which would all come crashing down in less than a decade. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890-1930 Person An individual. Birth Date 1869 Birthplace Newport News Death Date 1942 Occupation Lawyer and Editor Biographical Text Joseph Thomas Newsome (1869-1942) was born in Sussex County. The son of former slaves, Newsome graduated from Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University) in 1894 and earned a law degree from Howard University Law School. "Lawyer Newsome," as he was known in Newport News, was involved with several high-profile criminal cases in eastern Virginia, and was one of two African American attorneys who made a successful appeal to the Supreme Court of Appeals (later the Supreme Court of Virginia) in 1931 in Davis v. Allen in which black residents of Hampton were routinely prevented from registering to vote. Politically active, in 1921 Newsome opposed the "lily-white" direction of the Republican Party, and he ran for attorney general on a "Lily Black" Virginia Republican ticket. Newsome helped found and lead the Warwick County Colored Voters League, an organization that lobbied for schools, community improvement, and voter registration. He advocated for and helped secure the first high school for African American residents of Newport News. Newsome remained active in public affairs and at the time of his death was serving as president of the Old Dominion Bar Association, a black counterpart to the Virginia State Bar Association. Newsome edited the Newport News Star from late in the 1920s to late in the 1930s until its purchase by the Norfolk Journal and Guide. Very active in community churches, he also opened his home as a community center, even hosting Booker T. Washington on occasion. Although the Newsome house fell into disrepair after his death, it was renovated late in the 1980s and converted into a community center and a museum for black history, the Newsome House Museum and Cultural Center. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2010</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of the Newsome House Museum and Cultural Center, Newport News. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Joseph Thomas Newsome Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource A leading figure in Newport News, Joseph Thomas Newsome struggled to bring education and voting rights to the African American community. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 African American Trailblazers Honoree Civil Rights and Reform Government and Law Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/f1951a0806a1866f7962d1a329785777.jpg da65d990fdeacfa15f400e8e504f3e52 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Great Depression and World War II Description An account of the resource Along with events such as the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and the Industrial Revolution, the Great Depression helped to shape modern-day America. The circumstances of the Great Depression enlarged the role of the government in the everyday life of Americans, particularly through FDR's New Deal initiative. World War II helped not only to bring the nation out of the Depression, but also put the United States on the world stage as a leader. Unlike previous administrations who subscribed to a certain level of isolationism, both FDR and Truman placed the United States on a path to strong involvement and leadership in worldwide conflicts and reform movements. Additionally, World War II changed the role of women who went into the workforce as American men went to war. Events such as the bombing at Pearl Harbor, liberation of concentration camps, and the use of atomic bombs provide images and stories that have helped to shape future American foreign policy. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1929-1945 Person An individual. Birth Date 1899 Birthplace Lynchburg Death Date 1971 Occupation Physician and Tennis Coach Biographical Text Following a college career playing football at Pennsylvania's Lincoln University as a Negro All-American, Robert Walter "Whirlwind" Johnson (April 16, 1899-June 28, 1971) coached football for four seasons in Virginia and Texas before entering Meharry Medical College, in Nashville, Tennessee. After completing his studies, Johnson established a medical practice in Lynchburg, where he became the first African American to receive obstetrical privileges at Lynchburg General Hospital. His perseverance and advocacy opened the door for other minorities following in his footsteps. In Lynchburg, Johnson discovered and fell in love with tennis. Because he came to the sport too late to establish himself as a top singles athlete, he instead dedicated himself to doubles play and to discovering and coaching younger talent. Johnson formed the Junior Development Program of the American Tennis Association, a program through which he invited dozens of young African American tennis players to learn and train at his personal courts. Through this program Johnson discovered and mentored several successful professional tennis players, most notably Althea Gibson and Arthur Ashe, the first two African American Grand Slam champions. In 1972 the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame inducted Johnson. He was also inducted into the Mid-Atlantic Tennis Hall of Fame in 1988 and the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2009. Johnson's personal accolades included being named an NAACP Life Membership chairman and a recipient of the Spiro T. Agnew Honorary Citizenship Award. The Dr. Robert Walter Johnson Home and Tennis Court were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Nominated by Leo Goldman IV, in Susan Bayne’s kindergarten class (2009–2010), J. G. Hening Elementary School, Richmond. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2011</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Robert W. Johnson III. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Robert Walter Johnson Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Robert Walter Johnson was a driving force behind the integration of the sport of tennis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 African American Trailblazers Honoree Science and Medicine Sports and Media https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/files/original/b2ab8f805c349172f6a5e3bcd8ee2355.jpg 6b2b00ecb2a4772b21e4f1b1a350112d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postwar United States Description An account of the resource The era immediately following World War II brought about vast changes, not only in foreign policy, but in economics and a changing civic landscape. The liberalism of the New Deal era grew into movements towards increasing civil liberties and economic opportunities, particularly for minorities and women. Protests became more and more common to the average American as groups demanded equal rights and voting equality. These movements were juxtaposed with Jim Crow laws and the reemergence of the KKK, which showed the darker side of life in the American South. The Cold War pitted the United States and its allies in the newly formed NATO against the ever-increasing and expanding Soviet Union and its fellow Communist regimes, particularly China, Korea and Vietnam. While this era is considered Postwar, it is in fact a move towards a new type of war, where campaigns are fought not only on the battleground, but in the political arena and social consciousness as well, fueled strongly by the increasing influence of television news. The fall of the Nazi regime opened the door to the Iron Curtain and Soviet dominance of Eastern Europe, and the defeat of Japan opened previously invaded lands to the chance to choose new leaders, many of whom sided with the tenants of Communism over those of Capitalism. The United States would spend much of this time period combating the “Domino Effect” to try and stem the spread of Communism, particularly in its own hemisphere with Cuba. At the same time, the United States invested millions into Western Europe through the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan to halt the spread of Communism further west. Learn more in the National U.S. History Content Standards Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1945-1970s Person An individual. Birth Date 1921 Birthplace Danville Death Date 1990 Occupation Stock Car Racer Biographical Text After working as a taxi driver and a moonshine runner, Wendell Oliver Scott (August 28, 1921-December 23, 1990) began racing professionally late in the 1940s. Owners of the Danville raceway approached Scott about racing, with hopes of increasing African American attendance at their events. The officials had consulted with local authorities, who reported that Scott had several speeding offenses and that he was the one moonshine runner that they could not catch. In 1959 Scott won the Sportsman Division championship at Richmond's Southside Speedway and NASCAR's Virginia State Sportsman Championship. In 1961, after nearly 200 wins, he decided to leave the Sportsman and Modified racing leagues and move to NASCAR's major division, the Grand National racing circuit. Racing in nearly 500 NASCAR Grand National (later Sprint Cup) events, Scott earned more than $180,000. He won one checkered flag, in Jacksonville, Florida, on December 1, 1963, but was denied the opportunity to publicly celebrate his only Grand National victory. At the conclusion of the race, Scott was scored a lap down and the second-place finisher, Buck Baker, was declared the winner. Scott contested the decision, and hours later NASCAR overturned the ruling, citing a scoring error. Although Scott never accepted the explanation, he handled the slight with dignity, as he did in scores of other instances of discrimination that he faced in his personal and professional life. A racing accident in Florida forced Scott to retire from competition in 1973. He finished his career with 147 top ten finishes in 495 Grand National starts. He was named to the National Sports Hall of Fame, the International Motorsports Hall of Fame, the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame, and the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. <a href="https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/trailblazers-2011" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2011</a> African American Trailblazers honoree, Library of Virginia. Bibliography Image Courtesy of Steerforth Press and reprinted from Hard Driving: The Wendell Scott Story by Brian Donovan. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wendell Scott Subject The topic of the resource African American Trailblazers Description An account of the resource Wendell Oliver Scott was the first African American to drive in the highest level of stock car racing and remains to date the only African American to have won a major NASCAR race. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011 African American Trailblazers Honoree Sports and Media